1 Course Description:
This course called metrology, belongs to one of the required courses of Environmental Engineering, with 36 total teaching hours and two credits. It deals with the basic principles, instruments and tools, and basic surveying methods in measurement. The generating reason of measuring errors and its eliminating methods, surveying and mapping method of topographic map with large scale are also be discussed. Unifies the specialized characteristic, this course introduces the principles and methods of the measurement and design, construction survey in industry and civil architecture, and brief introduction of GPS and so on.
Course Objectives: Upon completion of this course, students should:
1) understand basic principles and concepts of metrology, and its present development state.
2) get well training in the basic measuring methods, equipment operating skills, topographic map surveying and mapping as well as its application, construction setting-out etc.
3) lay the foundation for solving the survey question in various phases of the project construction such as the survey, planning and designing, construction, operation management.
First courses requirements:
The logic of this course is stronger, especially the related knowledge of error theory is more complex. Thus, students need to learn such courses as “Higher Mathematic”, “Linear Algebra” and so on. The learning of this course can provide support for engineering design in the future.
Teaching material and main reference books:
Teaching material:
<Metrology> written by Chunbao Xiong, Yuhua Ji, etal., published by Tianjing University Press,2004.
Main reference books:
<Course of Architectural Metrology > Shenjia Yan, Nong Wang, Xiaoli Li etal., published by Surveying and Mapping Press;
<Metrology> written by Xiaolie Gu etal., published by Tongji University Press;
<Civil Architecture Metrology> written by Hui Qin, published by Tongji University Press;
<Metrology> written by Jinxiang Gao, published by China University of Mining and Technology Press;
<Surveying and Mapping Engeering> written by Jielin Wen, published by South China University of Technology Press;
<Introduction of Surveying and Mapping > written by Jinsheng Ning, Junyong Chen, Deren Li, Jingnan Liu, Zuxun Zhang etal., published by Wuhan University Press.
various related materials :<Surveying Standards> and <Topographic MapSchema>
COURSE OUTLINE:
1. INTRODUCTION(Chapter 1,4class hours)
- task and function of survey and mapping work, the development of surveying
-the shape and size of the Earth and the concept of measuring coordinate system
- the influence of geoid curvature on horizontal distance
- mapping principles and measurement job
Key grasps:
the geoid, the geoidal body; the surface of reference ellipsoid and reference ellipsoid; the datum and baseline of measurement; the Geodetic Coordinate System ,the Gauss-Kruger Coordinate System；topographic map, Mapping principles and measurement.
Difficult points:
the influence of geoid curvature on horizontal distance and angle, the influence of the earth's curvature on height difference.
2. LEVELING SURVEYING (Chapter2,8 class hours)
- principle of leveling
- instruments and tools of leveling
- use of DS3 leaning level
- ordinary level measurement
- inspection and correction of leaning tape water level
Key grasps:
measuring principle of leveling; the influence of geoid curvature on level measurement; round level, principle of level tube; principle of level ruler and telescope
Difficult points:
structure and use of level
3. ANGLE MEASUREMENT (Chapter 3,6 class hours)
- measurement principle of level angle and vertical angle
- optical theodolite
- level angle measurement
- vertical angle measurement
- inspection and correction of theodolite
Key grasps:
the principle of level angle observation; the electronic angle measuring principle of theodolite; the arrangement of theodolite; the method of level angle observation ;the inspection and correction of theodolite
Difficult points:
the error in level angle observation and its eliminating method
4.DISTANCE MEASUREMENT AND LINEAR ORIENTATION (Chapters 4,6 class hours)
- distance measurement using steel tape
- stadia measurement
- electromagnetic distance measurement
- line orientation
Key grasps:
line orientation; The method of linear measurement, hand book record of steel tape measurement; error sources of line measurement
Difficult points:
verification of steel tape, sorting of measurement results, line orientation
5.THE BASIC THEORY OF MEASUREMENT ERROR (Chapters 5,self-study)
- error measuring overview
- the statistic characteristics of accidental error
- the index of measure precision
- error propagation law and its application
- direct adjustment of equal precision
- direct adjustment of unequal precision
Key grasps:
observation conditions, the accidental error, the system error and the characteristics of the accidental error; The index of evaluation accuracy, the root mean square error , the average error, the probable error, the allowable error, the relative error; arithmetic mean value and its root mean square error; the root mean square error in observation results with same precision
Difficult points:
the law of error propagation, error of the multiple function of observation value, error of the probable function of observation value, error of the linear function of observation value, error of the usual function of observation value.
6. SMALL AREA CONTROLLING MEASUREMENT (Chapters 6,4 class hours)
- controlling measurement overview
- traverse survey
- small triangle measurement
- elevation controlling measurement
- the theodolite intersection positioning
- brief introduction of GPS
Key grasps:
the concept of controlling measurement, traverse survey and three or four leveling measurement, understand triangle height measurement, grasp using method of GPS.
Difficult points:
value processing method of traverse survey, small triangle measuring, elevation measurement method
7. THE BASIC KNOWLEDGE AND SURVEYING AND MAPPING OF THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP (Chapters 7,4 class hours)
- the basic knowledge of the topographic map
-surveying and mapping of the topographic map with large scale
- electronic tachometer and digital mapping
Key grasps:
topographic map scale, ground objection symbols, contours, outside note on the topographic map, Electronic tachometer and digital mapping
Difficult points:
surveying and mapping method of the topographic map
8. APPLICATION OF THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP (Chapter 8,4 class hours)
- the format and numbers of
- the read and basic usage of the topographic map
- the measuring and calculating area instrument and electronic planimeter
- earth volume calculation during land leveling
- land use analysis during planning design
Key grasps:
master the basic application of topographic map, the calculation of area of the figure, drawing the profile according to a certain direction, select the shortest lines according to limit gradient on the topographic map, application of topographic map in land leveling
.
Difficult points:
the content of reading the topographic map, the method of making sure the catchment area on the topographic map.
